Binary logic, fundamental to digital systems, describes situations or events with only two possible states: TRUE (represented as 1) or FALSE (represented as 0). Digital integrated circuits (ICs) exemplify this binary operation. In a positive logic system, a high output voltage signifies a state of 1, while a low output voltage indicates a state of 0. Conversely, a negative logic system assigns 1 to a low output voltage and 0 to a high output voltage.